Gas Chromatography Application

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Gas Chromatography Application

Gas Chromatography Application

Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and determine the chemical composition of a sample mixture to determine its presence or absence and/or quantity. These chemical compounds are usually organic or gaseous molecules. For the GC to be successful in its analysis, these compounds must be volatile, usually with a molecular weight of less than 1250 Da, and be thermally stable to prevent them from dissolving in the GC system. GC is a widespread technology used in most industries, including:

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As the name suggests, GC uses a carrier gas in the separation that acts as part of the mobile phase (Figure 1(1)). The carrier gas transports the sample molecules through the GC system ideally without reacting with the sample or damaging the instrument components.

Figure 1: A simple diagram of a gas chromatograph showing: (1) carrier gas, (2) autosampler, (3) inlet, (4) analytical column, (5) detector, and (6) computer. Credit: Anthias Consultant. After injection into the GC inlet, the chemical composition of the sample mixture is pre-emitted if it is not still in the gaseous phase. Called the free method. For high pressure samples, only part of the sample is transferred to the analytical column in fractional mode, the rest is drained from the system into the fractional line to prevent loading of the analytical column.

Once in the analytical column, the sample components are separated by their various interactions with the stationary phase. Therefore, when choosing the type of column to use, it must be considered that the modification and functional group of the analysis correspond to the terminal phase. The terminal phase of most water falls into two types: polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which contain different proportions of functional groups dimethyl, biphenyl, or polar intermediates, such as cyanopropylphenyl. Because it splits the non-polar column with dimethyl amounts or small amounts of biphenyl, it is good for splitting the non-polar analysis, those molecules that can form π- inter-interactions can be isolated on a stationary phase with a phenyl group. Those with the ability to bind hydrogen, such as acids and alcohols, work best with PEG spines unless they undergo metabolism to make them less polar.

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The final step is to detect the analyte molecules as they leave the column. There are several types of GC detectors, for example: devices that respond to C-H bonds, such as Flame Iodine Detectors (FID); Corresponding to specific elements such as sulphur, nitrogen or phosphorus. And those that correspond to specific molecular properties, such as the ability to capture electrons, as used with an electron detector (ECD).

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that can be combined with GC and used instead of GC detectors. Neutral molecules leave the analytical column and are ionized in the ion source to form molecular ions that can break down into ions. Particles and molecular ions are then separated and detected by mass: charge ratio (m / z) in the mass analyzer. The data from GC-MS is three-dimensional, providing a large spectrum that can be used to identify, detect, analyze and recognize the structure and chemistry of molecules, as well as the chromatography that can be used for Quality analysis. Used.

A lot of information can be obtained from the chromosome (Figure 2) about the health of the GC or GC-MS system, as well as the data needed for qualitative or quantitative analysis.

Gas Chromatography Application

The x-axis is the retention time from the moment the sample was injected into the GC (t

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) Until the end of the GC cycle. At the top of each analysis is a save time measured from bottom to top, e.g. t

. The y-axis is the measured response to the analyte peak in the detector. The baseline shows a signal from the detector when the analyte does not leave the column or is below the detection limit. The main response is a combination of electrical noise (usually low) and chemical noise such as impurities in the carrier gas, column phase bleeding, and system contamination. So if the baseline level is higher it should be a sign of a problem or maintenance is needed. Various measurements can be taken from the top, such as width at the base, width at half height, total height, and surface area. The last two are for comparison, but they are areas used for measurement because they are less sensitive. By expanding the bandwidth. Measurements can be used to calculate the diffusion group expansion in a column molecule. Narrower and sharper blades provide better sensitivity (signal-to-noise ratio) and better resolution (peak separation). The point shown is Gaussian, while the tail of the apex (the right side of the apex is wider) shows activity or the amount of death in the system, and the previous part of the apex (the left side of the apex is wider) It shows that the column is overloaded.. The number of data points across the vertex affects accurate measurements, and the ideal number is 15-25. The peak looks a little like a child’s drawing, and the integration point affects the resolution peak area and GC-MS splitting. Too much reduces the signal, reduces the sensitivity. For GC-MS data, each data point is a large spectrum, the third dimension of the data.

Compared to other separation techniques, GC has a higher ability to break down hundreds of components. However, for some applications where thousands of peaks need to be broken, there are not enough theoretical plates to separate them all with chromatographic graphics. An example could be diesel analysis.

An example. Spectral solutions combining MS with GC allow analysis without full chromatographic solutions, but coeluting peaks must have different spectra to be fully successful.

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Core cutting is useful when one column is selected to separate most of the peaks, then several groups of coeluting peaks are “cut” and transferred to a second column with different terminal and selective steps (Figure 1). 3). Only a few cuts can be moved through the run, so it can only be used when there are some problems.

For complex samples that often have multiple components, two-dimensional chromosomes (GC x GC) were used. Two columns with different terminal stages and therefore different separation mechanisms are arranged in series. The “Normal” setting is 1.

More polar column dimensions as shown in Figure 4 for diesel analysis. A modulator is used between two columns to cut from the first column and extend back to the second column in the Slim sample group. The heat module achieves this point by using heat to trap and then release the molecules, the flow module collects the precipitation and places the molecules in the second column. There are breaks throughout the run, usually every 1 to 10 seconds. Division on the second column must be completed before placing the final box. This rapid separation is achieved by using a second short narrow column, typically 1 m2 m of 0.1 mm inner diameter, with a thermal module. Alternatively a second, shorter and wider column, usually 5 m of 0.25 mm internal diameter, is used with the flow module. GC x GC files are very dense, up to 35 ms, so a fast GC detector or a mass meter with a high acceptance rate > 100 Hz must be used to obtain enough data points.

Gas Chromatography Application

GC is a widely used technique in most industries. It is used for routine research, analyzing hundreds (or thousands with GC x GC) of compounds in various matrices, from solids to gases. It is a powerful technique and easy to transfer to other techniques, including the use of masks.

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GC determination for the analysis of volatile helium / hydrogen compounds up to a molecular weight of about 1250 u. Compounds can decompose through heat in hot GC, so cold injection and low temperature techniques should be used to reduce this problem. More polarized analytes can be trapped or lost in the GC, so the system must be neutralized and well maintained, or these analytes must be downloaded.

The most common problem in GC is leaks. The mobile phase is gas and flows throughout the system, so proper installation of parts and

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