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A neutron generator is a neutron source device consisting of linear accelerators that produce neutrons by fusing hydrogen isotopes. Fusion reactions occur in these groups by accelerating either deuterium, tritium, or a mixture of these two isotopes into a metal hydride target that also contains deuterium, tritium, or a mixture of these isotopes. The fusion of deuterium atoms (D + D) leads to the formation of helium-3 ions and neutrons with a kinetic energy of about 2.5 MeV. The fusion of deuterium and tritium (D + T) atoms results in the formation of helium-4 ions and neutrons with a kinetic energy of about 14.1 MeV. Neutron generators have applications in medicine, defense and material analysis.
Neutron Sources For Basic Physics And Applications
The basic concept was developed by Ernest Rutherford’s team at the Cavdish Laboratory in the early 1930s.Operating the Cockcroft-Walton gerator linear accelerator, Mark Oliphant conducted experiments burning deuterium ions in a metal foil containing deuterium and noticed that very few of them. these particles emitted alpha particles. It was the first demonstration of nuclear fusion, as well as the first discovery of helium-3 and tritium produced by these reactions. The introduction of new energy sources gradually reduced the size of these machines, from the Oliphant that filled a corner of the laboratory to modern machines that are very portable. Thousands of such small, inexpensive systems have been built over the past five decades.
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If the neutron generator produces fusion reactions, the number of accelerated ions that cause these reactions is very low. It can be easily shown that the energy produced by these reactions is many times less than the energy required to accelerate the ions, so there is no way to use these machines to produce pure fusion energy. A related concept, collision beam fusion, attempts to solve this problem by using two accelerators that fire at each other.
H) the fusion reaction is an accelerator-based source of neutrons (as opposed to radioactive isotopes). In these systems, neutrons are produced by creating deuterium, tritium, or deuterium and tritium ions and accelerating them into a hydride target filled with deuterium or deuterium and tritium. DT reaction is used more than DD reaction because the yield of DT reaction is 50-100 times higher than DD reaction.
Neutrons produced by DD and DT reactions are emitted slightly anisotropically from the target, slightly tilted forward (in the ion beam axis). The anisotropy of the neutron emission from the DD and DT reaction comes from the fact that the reaction is isotropic at the center of the coordinate-momentum (COM) system, but this isotropy is lost when moving from the planning COM system to the laboratory system. . In the two-point system, the He nuclei are reflected in the opposite direction to the emitted neutrons, where the law of conservation of momentum applies.
The gas pressure in the ion source region of the neutron tube varies between 0.1 and 0.01 mm Hg. The electron free path must be shorter than the discharge space to achieve ionization (lower pressure limit), while the pressure must be kept low enough to prevent discharges through the high voltage applied between the electrodes. However, the pressure in the acceleration zone must be lower because the free path of the electrons must be longer to prevent discharges between the electrodes.
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An ion accelerator usually consists of several cylindrically symmetric electrodes that act as einzel ls. The ion beam can be focused to a small spot on the target. Accelerators typically require a 100-500 kV power supply. They usually have several phases, with the voltage between phases not exceeding 200 kV to prevent field discharges.
Compared to radionuclide neutron sources, neutron tubes can produce higher neutron fluxes and continuous (monochromatic) neutron energy spectra can be obtained. The rate of neutron production can also be controlled.
The central part of a neutron generator is a particle accelerator, sometimes called a neutron tube. A neutron tube has several components, including an ion source, an ion optical element, and a beam; all are lockable at will. High isolation between optical ion elements in the tube is provided by glass and/or ceramic insulators. The neutron tube is enclosed in a metal casing, the accelerator head, which is filled with a dielectric material to isolate the high-voltage components of the tube from the working space. External power is provided by an accelerator and an ion source. The control console allows the operator to set the operating parameters of the neutron tube. Power and control equipment are typically located within 3 to 10 meters (10 to 30 ft) of the accelerator head in laboratory facilities, but may be several kilometers away in mining facilities
Compared to their predecessors, sealed neutron tubes do not require vacuum pumps and gas sources for operation. Therefore, they are cheaper and cheaper, and they are durable and reliable. For example, sealed neutron tubes have replaced radioactively surrounded neutron reactors for sending neutron pulses into the cores of modern nuclear weapons.
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An example of the neutron channel idea dates back to the 1930s, the pre-nuclear era, by German scientists who filed a German Patt 1938 (March 1938, Patt #261, 156) and received a United States Patt (July 1941, USP #). 2 251, 190); Examples of best techniques are provided by developments such as the Neutristor,
And can be used at different power levels depending on the lifetime of the ion source and the targets being loaded.
A good ion source should provide a strong ion beam without consuming too much gas. For hydroxy isotopes, the production of atomic ions is preferred over molecular ions because atomic ions have a higher yield of neutrons upon collision. The ions produced in the ion source are fed by an electric field into the accelerator region and accelerated towards the target. Gas consumption is the result of the pressure difference between the ion generating room and the ion accelerator, which must be maintained. Ion currents 10 mA with gas consumption 40 cm
For a sealed neutron tube, the ideal ion source should use low gas pressure, provide high ion current with a high proportion of atomic ions, have low gas dispersion, use low power, have high reliability and durability, and its construction should be simple and strong. and its maintenance requirements should be met.
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The gas can be efficiently stored in the replicator, an electric heating zircon coil. Its temperature determines the degree of absorption/desorption of hydrogen by the metal, which regulates the closing pressure.
The Pning source is a cold cathode ion source that uses transverse electric and magnetic fields. The anode of the ion source has a positive counterpart, either direct or pulse current, with respect to the source cathode. The ion source is usually between 2 and 7 kilovolts. A magnetic field directed parallel to the axis of the source creates a permanent magnet. A plasma is formed on the axis of the anode, which captures the electrons that turn the gas into a source. The ions are captured by the output cathode. During normal operation, the type of ions produced by the Pning source is more than 90% molecular ions. However, this disadvantage is compensated by other advantages of the system.
One of the cathodes is a mild steel dish that encloses most of the discharge points. At the bottom of the beaker there are holes through which the magnetic field ejects most of the turbulent ions into the acceleration chamber. Mild steel shields the acceleration chamber from the magnetic field to prevent collapse.
The ions emerging from the output cathode are accelerated by the potential difference between the output cathode and the accelerator electrode. The diagram shows that the output cathode is at ground potential and the target is at high (negative) potential. This is the case with many closed neutron generators. However, in cases where maximum flux needs to be delivered to the sample, it is necessary to operate the neutron tube with the main objective and the source floating high (positive). The accelerator voltage is usually between 80 and 180 kilovolts.
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The accelerating electrode has the shape of an elongated cylinder. The ion beam has a non-uniform angle (about 0.1 radian). The shape of the electrode and the distance from the target can be chosen so that the surface of the wheel is bombarded with ions. It is possible to achieve voltage acceleration up to 200 kV.
The ions pass through the accelerating electrode and hit the target. When the ion hits the target, 2-3 electrons are produced per second
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