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Ultrasound Applications Are Based On Principles
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Sonography: Principles, Techniques, And Instrumentation
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Monica Gallo Monica Gallo Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, * , Lydia Ferrara Lydia Ferrara Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2 and Daniel Naviglio Daniel Naviglio Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 3
Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
Basic Principles Of Ultrasound Physics And Artifacts Made Easy
Ultrasound consists of mechanical sound waves caused by the movement of vibrating molecules in the transmission medium. Radio waves have a very high frequency, about 20 kHz, are divided into two categories (ie low frequency and high frequency) and cannot be heard by the human ear. Nature invented the first application of ultrasound. Bats use ultrasound to navigate in the dark, and many cetaceans use echolocation to detect prey or obstacles using the ultrasound produced by their sound systems. Ultrasound is often associated with the biomedical field. Today there are methods and instruments based on ultrasound for perinatal diagnosis of organs, movements, tumors and birth defects, as well as for the removal of kidney stones, physiotherapy and physiotherapy.- aesthetics. However, ultrasound has found many applications in many other fields as well. In particular, ultrasound has recently been used in the food industry to develop efficient and safe food processing applications. Therefore, this overview summarizes the main applications of ultrasound in the food industry. Common applications in the food industry are cell destruction and extraction of intracellular material. Depending on the intensity, ultrasound activates enzymes or filters, mixes and homogenizes, emulsifies, disperses, preserves, stabilizes, dissolves and crystallizes, hydrogenates and softens meat. , solids used for aging, aging and oxidation. – Liquid extraction for maceration to accelerate and improve the extraction of active ingredients from different matrices, as well as for degassing and atomization of food preparation.
Sound is the movement of particles (ie atoms and molecules) in an elastic material. The vibrations move the particles around their rest position and follow the direction of the wave propagation caused by the vibrational motion. These vibrations are generated by an object called a sound source, which transmits its motion to adjacent elements through the mechanical properties of the material. When oscillations begin, these particles transfer their motion to neighboring particles, which in turn transmit their motion to others, causing local pressure oscillations; Thus, a simple oscillatory motion propagates mechanically, producing a sound wave (or waves) [1]. Ultrasound (US) is defined as a mechanical sound wave that requires a flexible material to propagate [2, 3]. Sound and ultrasound are different in frequency: sound waves travel in the frequency range that the human ear can hear (from 16 Hz to 16-20 kHz), while American radio ranges from 20 kHz (the upper limit of hearing for the ear Human’s). to 10 MHz, then hypersonic. belongs to the area. Ultrasound, which consists of mechanical sound waves, propagates through the material, transferring energy instead of particles; the latter, in fact, simply changes its state by transferring energy from one element to another. Vibration propagates through the medium in different directions, so we distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves. In forward-directed waves, the oscillatory motion of the elements in the transmission medium is parallel to the direction of propagation, and in forward-directed waves, the motion is perpendicular. Longitudinal (or compressional) waves travel through all materials, while transverse waves travel only in solids. An American wave is a wave characterized by alternating pressure cycles and anomalies in the environment that propagates it, causing pressure fluctuations in the environment; energy is provided by the movement of particles. This process of compression and the absence of particles in the environment and their subsequent destruction is known as the phenomenon of cavitation, which is the most important effect of strong American waves [4, 5]. Specifically, cavitation is a physical phenomenon that causes bubbles (or cavities) to form and function in water when subjected to the action of rapid pressure waves and pressure caused by ultrasonic waves. During depression, many bubbles appear in the water. In the second stage of ultrasonic compaction, the great pressure exerted on the foam distorts it until it explodes, i.e. collapses on itself. Bubbles are several micrometers in diameter, and bubble lifetimes are on the order of microseconds. Two types of cavitation are distinguished: in the first type, called stable cavitation, the bubble remains stable around equilibrium for the compression-decompression cycle; in the second type, called transient or unstable cavitation, the bubble expands in one cycle, doubles in size, and then collapses.
US chemical reactions are variable and three distinct phases are observed in the reaction medium: the gaseous medium within the bubble cavity and the interface between the bubble and the liquid. In the gas phase, a pyrolysis reaction occurs, similar to the pyrolysis of water. Various radicals can be formed in the liquid foam region and in the liquid mass, and the most common radical in the aqueous environment is the hydroxide radical OH·, which is very reactive and easily attacks organic substrates. exists or combines with the world of reaction. another OH· radical forms H
. In the contact zone where the temperature is very high, the reaction of the dissolved substance with OH· radicals or thermal decomposition can occur. The propagation of these radicals is caused by the breakdown of cavitation bubbles and the formation of small bubbles. Volatile solutes move into the interface region or into the liquid, while volatile solids enter the bubble and dissolve in the bubble collapse. Radical effects are important because they contribute to molecular sonolysis and the destruction of solvent and solute systems. On the other hand, the mechanical effect changes the electrochemical process, changes the properties of some solids and changes the liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems facilitating the formation of emulsions and dispersions in the solid state [6, 7]. Historically, the United States has developed such an acoustics department. Along with advances in our understanding of radio propagation, we have seen the development of technology that could produce the United States. As mentioned above, American radio is a radio with a frequency range of 20 kHz to 10 MHz. Additional distributions within this region have been identified [8]; These separations can have very different characteristics depending on the frequency of their production and the amount of energy extracted from the acoustic field. In particular, US power affects chemical reactions and is divided into two families: A) US power characterized by low frequency (20 kHz-100 kHz) used in some food technologies and the power that mediates the US process. It is characterized by frequent frequency. (100 kHz–1 MHz); and B) low-energy diagnostic US used for physical measurements, mainly for medical and diagnostic applications, and characterized by high frequency (5 MHz–10 MHz). Although cavitation is considered an avoidable event in many industries, other industries use controlled cavitation, such as the military using high-speed torpedoes or ultrasonic cleaning systems used to clean small objects. , where exploding bubbles clean even the most delicate and hard-to-reach surfaces. In the field of medicine, controlled cavitation is used in the removal of kidney stones (lithotripsy), which are destroyed by the formation of microbubbles that destroy the formation of kidney stones inside the kidney, as well as in diagnostics and thermal antialgesic effect. [9]. Cavitation is also used in aesthetic medicine to eliminate or reduce fat, a technique known as bloodless non-surgical liposuction (ultrasonic lipoclasia). Except this,
Ultrasound Imaging Of The Pelvic Floor. Part Ii: Three‐dimensional Or Volume Imaging
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